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How much gender income inequality accrues due to climate-induced migration? New evidence from Bangladesh
কন্টেন্ট: পাতা
Author: Azreen Karim1
Abstract
How much gender income inequality accrues due to climate-induced migration? What are the key drivers in the gender gap governance framework to achieve gender parity across development dimensions among affected communities? We ask these questions by examining two (2) dimensions of gender parity: economic participation and opportunity and educational attainment. This paper aims to investigate the impacts of climate change on gender gap across economic development dimensions i.e., income, education, employment and livelihood strategies. We identify a total of 403 climate-affected internally migrated and non-migrated households in selected rural and urban sub-districts of coastal Bangladesh in destination locations only. We select a retrospective timeline of year 2020 due to occurrence of a major natural event i.e., Cyclone Amphan3 , and therefore adopt purposive sampling to identify migrated households triggered by this extreme event and other climate-induced natural disasters subsequently. We employ a mixed method approach and focus on 1001 male and 922 female members who had internally migrated to move out of climate risk areas. Our results show that women in climate migrated households in the rural areas earned BDT 3627.5 less compared to the nationally representative amount as indicated (i.e., BDT 2359) which might accrue due to climate change. This income differential is BDT 1452.3 among climate-migrated households in the urban locations compared with the nationally representative gender earnings gap i.e., BDT 5517, indicating climate-induced internal migration to urban locations being more favourable for women. We find significant gender gaps persist in day (casual) laborer (non-agriculture) and paid jobs category for migrated households in the rural and urban locations. We also find evidence of persisting wider gender gaps in the tertiary education sector in the rural areas for both household groups along with wider gender gaps in the higher secondary sector in the urban regions for climate-affected migrated households in the coastal belt. Policy wise, the earnings gap should be addressed through livelihood diversification and vulnerability reduction strategies focusing on gender safety net and network-based community groups prioritizing women’s economic leadership to achieve equity in the governance framework.
Keywords: Climate change; Income gap; Gender equity; Gender gap governance framework; Economic participation and opportunity; Educational attainment; Coastal belt. 1 Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies, Email: azreen@bids.org.bd; azreenk@gmail. com National Academy for Development Administration (NADA) Development Dialogue (Dhaka) ISSN: 3105-6989 (Print), 3105-6997 (Online) DOI: www.nada.gov.bd How much gender income inequality accrues due to climateinduced migration? New evidence from Bangladesh How much gender income inequality accrues due to climate-induced migration? New evidence from Bangladesh